e x a m p l e1– butter fat contentin cow milk（e x a m p l e1–黄油脂肪含量牛奶）.docVIP

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (Ch. 8, Daniel Ch. 13, Gerstmann) Suppose we wish to compare k population means (). This situation can arise in two ways. If the study is observational, we are obtaining independently drawn samples from k distinct populations and we wish to compare the population means for some numerical response of interest. If the study is experimental, then we are using a completely randomized design to obtain our data from k distinct treatment groups. In a completely randomized design the experimental units are randomly assigned to one of k treatments and the response value from each unit is obtained. The mean of the numerical response of interest is then compared across the different treatment groups. There two main questions of interest: 1) Are there at least two population means that differ? 2) If so, which population means differ and how much do they differ by? More formally: If we reject the null then we use comparative methods to answer question 2 above. Assumptions: Samples are drawn independently (completely randomized design) Population variances are equal, i.e. . Populations are normally distributed. We examine checking these assumptions in the examples that follow. The test procedure compares the variation in observations between samples to the variation within samples. If the variation between samples is large relative to the variation within samples we are likely to conclude that the population means are not all equal. The diagrams below illustrate this idea... Between Group Variation Within Group Variation Between Group Variation Within Group Variation (Conclude population means differ) (Fail to conclude the population means differ) Within Group Variation To measure the variation within groups we use the following formula: This is an estimate of the variance common to all k populations (). Between Group Variation To measure the vari