Chapter3Stressesinsoil(土体应力)..docVIP

Chapter 3 Stresses in soil (土体应力) 3.1 Introduction Soil mass can bear loadings from structures as well as its self-weight. Stresses are produced due to these loadings. The stresses are used to evaluate the deformation of the structures founded on the soil mass and the stability of the soil mass. This chapter presents the methods to determine the self weight and additional stresses acted on a soil mass. 3.2 In-situ stresses (原位应力) 3.2.1 Effective vertical stress (竖向应力) The effective vertical stress (?’z) is calculated from the unit weight of the soil (土的重度),?. (i) No ground water table (地下水位) exists [叁考: 土力学 p.39 图 2-1] (3.1) where ? (kN/m3) is unit weight of the soil and z (m) is depth of the soil. (ii) Ground water table locates at the ground surface (3.2) where ?’ (kN/m3) is submerged unit weight of the soil (土的浮重度) and ?w (9.81 kN/m3) is unit weight of water (水的浮重度). (iii) If the ground consists of n different layers of stratum (土层) (3.3) where ?i and zi are unit weight and depth of the soil of the ith stratum, respectively. 3.2.2 Effective horizontal stress (侧向应力) The effective horizontal stress (?’h) is much more difficult to be evaluated. Normally, the horizontal stress is expressed as a function vertical stress by the following expression: (3.4) where Ko is coefficient of earth pressure at rest (静止侧压力系数). Typical values of Ko are listed in Table 3.1. 3.3 Contact pressures at the bottom of the foundation (基底压力) 3.3.1 Flexible and rigid foundations The pressure distribution beneath a foundation depends on the type of load, the flexural rigidity of the foundation and the type of material on which it is resting. A flexible foundation (柔性基础) has zero stiffness but a rigid foundation (刚性基础) has infinite stiffness. A uniformly loaded flexible foundations (e.g. oil tank and earth dam) resting on an elastic material such as saturated clay will take a sagging profile and the conta