国际癌症研究机构二氧化钛致癌..docVIP

资料来源：国际癌症研究机构 网址：http://monographs.iarc.fr/ http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol93/index.php 二氧化钛（TiO2）可致肺癌 （国际癌症研究机构（IARC）专题论文第93篇 第五节） 5.1 Exposure data “接触暴露”数据 Titanium dioxide was first produced commercially in 1923, primarily for pigment production. Relatively small quantities of titanium dioxide are used for non-pigmentary purposes. In 2004, worldwide production of titanium dioxide was 4.4 million tonnes. 1923年，工业生产中第一次生产二氧化钛。二氧化钛主要被用于生产“钛白粉”，相对而言，其它行业使用二氧化钛的量非常小。2004年，二氧化钛在全世界的总产量达440万公吨。 Titanium dioxide is obtained from a variety of ores that contain ilmenite, rutile, anatase and leucoxene, which are mined from deposits located throughout the world. Most titanium dioxide pigment is produced from titanium mineral concentrates by the chloride or sulfate process, either as the rutile or the anatase form. The primary particles are typically between 0.2 and 0.3 μm in diameter, although larger aggregates and agglomerates are formed. Ultrafine grades of titanium dioxide have a primary particle size of 10–50 nm and are used predominantly as ultraviolet blockers in sunscreens and plastics, and in catalysts. Most commercial titanium dioxide products are coated with inorganic (e.g. alumina, zirconia, silica) and organic (e.g. polyols, esters, siloxanes, silanes) compounds to control and improve surface properties. 二氧化钛可以从“钛铁矿”、“金红石”、“锐铁矿”和“白钛石”等矿石中采集，而这些矿石又遍布全世界各地。大多数的“钛白粉”都是从“金红石”或“锐钛矿”等钛矿中采集，再经过“氯化”或“硫化”过程提炼而来。尽管会产生一些聚合物和团聚体，但是最初的二氧化钛主要是直径为0.2到0.3微米的微粒。“超细二氧化钛”主要指直径为10-50纳米的微粒，作为紫外线吸收剂，常被添加到“防晒霜”中；二氧化钛还被广泛用于生产塑料和催化剂。大多数商业二氧化钛产品都都经过了“无机表面处理”（例如：氧化铝、氧化锆、二氧化硅）和“有机表面处理”（例如：多元醇、脂类、硅氧烷、硅烷）。 Levels of occupational exposure to titanium dioxide during its manufacture have been reported from the USA and Europe between 1970 and 2000. The highest levels of exposure were observed during packing and milling, although high peak exposure also occurred in occupations such as site cleaning and maintenance. Average levels of exposure to respirable dust in thes