スライド 02 海道大学.pptVIP

英米法最近の連邦最高裁判決から見るアメリカ法の動向 #02 Nat’l Fed’n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius 2012年9月28日 北海道大学大学院法学政治学研究科（法科大学院?法学政治学専攻） 会沢 恒 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566 (2012) 連邦制 連邦議会の立法権限 アメリカ政治史と法 U.S. Const. art. I, §8 “The Congress shall have power … [cl.1] to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; … 課税条項 Taxing Clause 支出条項 Spending Clause [cl.3] To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; … 州際通商条項 Interstate Commerce Clause … --And [cl.18] To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof..” 必要かつ適切条項 Necessary and Proper Clause 制限された政府 limited government Cf. U.S. Const. amend. IX “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” U.S. Const. amend. X “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” ←→州政府の一般的規制権限police power アメリカにおける産業革命の進展 南北戦争（1860年代）～1920年代 工業化 都市化 ＜「新移民」の流入 → 資本の集中?独占 労働問題 革新主義とLochner時代 革新主義（Progressivism）運動 1890年Sherman Act 連邦独占禁止法 各種労働保護立法 Lochner時代 Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905) ①自由放任主義 ②実体的経済的デュープロセス 「契約の自由liberty of contract」 ③連邦の権限の限定解釈 U.S. Const. amend. XIV, §1 “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any pe