漢语方言的语序类型比较.docVIP

“liudanqing_yuxu.doc” 汉语方言的语序类型比较,刘丹青,原载日本《现代中国语研究》创刊2期，2001年 汉语方言的语序类型比较* 刘丹青 [Abstract英文提要] This paper compares word order patterns of topic, subject, object and the verb among Chinese dialects. Through a brief historical survey of order types since archaic Chinese, it claims that Chinese has been largely an SVO language but has never been a typical SVO language. In Wu dialects, topicalized patients are more common and are of more syntactic nature than in Mandarin, and topicalized patients prefer the subtopic position rather than the main topic position. Therefore a new verb-final pattern is developing through the grammaticalization of subtopics with patient role in these dialects, though it is not a real SOV type yet. The same is true for Min dialects, but not for other southern dialects such as Hakka, Gan and Hui. An interesting consequence arising from interaction between subtopic prominence and the SVO type is the frequent use of split topic structure, which divides a patient argument into two parts, one serving as subtopic and the other as object. By contrast, Cantonese exhibits the strongest SVO type in various respects. Thus the paper proposes a typological model among Chinese dialects. That is “Cantonese (strong SVO) : Mandarin/Hakka/Gan/Hui (moderate SVO) : Wu/Min (weak SVO)”, sharply different from previous models like Hashimoto’s “Mandarin : Wu/Cantonese : Min”. Real SOV order appears in some northwestern dialects due to the influence from SOV languages like Tibetan, as well as a developing case system, which is a crucial condition for being a real SOV language. [作者简介] 刘丹青，上海师范大学教授，语言研究所所长。 0. 引言 本文讨论的语序类型限于小句基本结构，即话题、主语、宾语、动词等成分的语序问题。这个问题不光涉及汉语事实问题，而且涉及怎么分析有关事实的问题，比如是前置宾语还是小主语等等。这些理论问题不解决，有了事实也难以得出结论。所以本文试图以语序共性和类型的研究成果为背景，结合语序理论、话题理论和语法化理论，以汉语从古到今和若干方言的语言事实比较为基础，为汉语方言语序类型的比较构建一个新框架，而不是照搬单纯在普通话研究中形成的现有框架。现有框架虽然孕育了大量描写性成果，加深了人们对普通话语法事实的认识，但也存在天然的缺憾。它对内包容性不够，有时难以合理地分析汉语史上和各方言中的语言事实；对外可比性不足，难以同国际语言学交流，也不利于展开汉语和其他语言(包括亲邻语言)的比较研究。在建立理论框架的基础上，本文将