第三章 病毒和亚病毒白色模版（参考）.pptVIP

* 一、噬菌体与发酵工业 噬菌体的危害： 主要是引起发酵中的噬菌体污染使发酵周期延长、发酵液变清、发酵产物难以形成，甚至倒罐、停产等。 例：丙酮、丁醇发酵中的噬菌体污染 抗生素发酵中的噬菌体污染 食品工业上的噬菌体污染 * 噬菌体的应用与防治 防治： 控制活菌排放 选育抗性生产菌株 生产中轮换使用菌种 药物防治例如用金霉素、四环素等。 * 二、昆虫病毒用于生物防治 资源丰富、致病力强、专一性强 杀虫速度慢、不易大规模生产、在野外易失活、杀虫范围窄 * 三、病毒在基因工程中的应用 （一）噬菌体作为原核生物基因工程的载体 （二）动物DNA病毒作为动物基因工程的载体 （三）植物DNA病毒作为植物基因工程的载体 （四）昆虫DNA病毒作为真核生物基因工程的载体 * 噬菌体作为基因工程载体的优点 遗传背景清楚 载有外源基因时仍可与宿主的核染色体整合并同步复制 宿主范围窄，使用安全 两端各具12个核苷酸组成的粘性末端，可组成科斯质粒（cosmid，粘性质粒或粘粒） 感染率极高，比一般质粒载体转化率高千倍 * 思考题 名词解释 病毒粒子、温和噬菌体、溶源性转变、前噬菌体、裂解量 病毒有哪几种对称类型？每种对称类型病毒的形态是什么？试各举一例。 什么叫烈性噬菌体？简述其裂解性生活史。 什么是一步生长曲线？它可分几期？各期有何特点？ 试区别类病毒、拟病毒和朊病毒。 ★This chapter focuses on the characteristics of the bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages. It begins with their classification and then details the infectious cycle of those DNA viruses that cause destruction (lysis) of host cells. RNA phages are discussed briefly, and the chapter concludes with information about phages that can integrate their DNA into the host chromosome and thereby set up a stable residence within the host cell. These phages are called temperate phages, and the process is referred to as lysogeny. ★CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: o describe the four phases of the viral life cycle o discuss the differences between DNA phages and RNA phages in terms of their life cycles and their interactions with their hosts o discuss the establishment and maintenance of lysogeny by temperate phages Size and Shapes of Viruses 1. Size (see Fig. 1A, Fig. 1B, and Fig. 1C) Viruses are usually much smaller than bacteria and are submicroscopic (def). Most range in size from 5 to 300 nanometers (nm) (def), although some Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long. For a comparison of the size of a virus, a bacterium, and a human cell, scroll down to how big is... on the CELLS ALIVE web page. 2. Shapes (see Fig. 1A, Fig. 1B, and Fig. 1C) a. Helical viruses (def) consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid and po