黃玉琴-礼物生命仪礼和人情圈以徐家村为例.docVIP

黄玉琴：礼物、生命仪礼和人情圈——以徐家村为例 黄玉琴??2005年10月8日 17:22??《社会学研究》2002年第4期 　　Abstract : In many villages of China , farmers are entangling in continuing ritual gift exchanges with other farmers. Its a dilemma : farmers are unwilling to continue the exchange but they cant cease it by themselves. Based on fieldwork in Xu Village in Hubei Province , this paper points out two questions ,that is why farmers are entangling in the continuing ritual gift exchange cycle ? And is it possible for them to get out of this cycle ? The author constructs a theory system by analyzing the relationship among gift,Renqing cycle and life rite. Traditional ritual gift exchange stemmed from life rites , and developed into relative regular forms : Renqing cycle , gift and Renqing ethics. These gift exchanges offered farmers with social resource , but as time going , its forms were alienated from ritual gift exchanges , and to most farmers , became a burden rather than any thing else. The author points out this change by analyzing the process of alienating and some implying rules among farmers : collective principle , hinting and understanding strategy , not-going-beyond principle. At last , based on a new change , the author thinks its possible for farmers to get out of the cycle. 　　之所以选择“礼物、生命仪礼（注1）和人情作为论文的方向,这与我个人的生长经历有着密不可分的联系。我自小生长在农村,亲耳所闻、亲眼所见并且亲身经历过许多次的仪式(rituals) 和宴会(banquet) （注2） 。小时侯喜欢赶情（注3） ,因为对仪式怀有一种好奇和新鲜感。长大了,常常听见父母为又要赶人情而发愁,埋怨做事（注4）的人家:刚做了一个事怎么又来了一个? 又听见父母商量:我们几年没做事了,却一直在赶别人的情,这次小儿过20 岁生日是不是该做次事了? 给我印象最深的是这样一次事情:爸爸的姑表弟过30 岁生日,家里要去赶情,可当时家里只剩下最后的30 块钱,妈妈说上次他赶我们家的情来的是40 块钱,这次如果去,就至少要拿40 块。爸爸说没办法,要不就拿30 块吧! 妈妈说,要拿30 的话,丢死人了! 我看你以后还跟不跟人家来往! 拿30 还不如不去呢! 事情最后是这样解决的:爸爸带着30 块钱到了人家家里,在上情（注5）之前找另一个认识的人借了10 块钱。实际上,有关人情的问题一直困惑了我好几年。我一直在想:既然人情负担已不堪忍受,农民为什么还要无休无止地做事,无休无止地赶人情? 最关键的问题是,农民能否跳出这个循环往复的圈? 这即是这篇文章的由来。 ??????? 徐家村是位于湖北省中部的一个小自然村,行政编制上属于卷桥村,拥有住户45 户,人口200 人左右。笔者从小到大长在徐家村,因此对村里的人情世故比较熟悉。并且,为了了解现阶段农民人情负担状况,笔者曾于1999 年暑期在徐家村做过田野调查,主要通过访谈掌握了一部分资料。 一、既有文献（注6） ????? ? (一) 人类学关于礼物的研究 ??????? 马歇尔·莫