液体(= liquidsorgases)-科罗拉多大学博尔德.docVIP

Fluids (= liquids or gases) Two definitions: , F( = force perpendicular to area, [p] = N / m2 = pascal (Pa) [?] = kg / m3 or gram / cm3 = g / cm3 , specific gravity = = 1 water 7.9 iron 11.9 Pb 2.7 Al _____________________________ * ___________________________________ Consider a bucket of water. What is the pressure at the bottom of the bucket due to the weight of the water? Will now show that p = ? g h , More generally, , where ?h is the change in the depth below the surface of the water. This derivation assumes that density ? = constant, which it is for the case of water, because water is incompressible. We are at the bottom of an ocean of air! Notice that air is about 1000 times less dense than water. atmospheric pressure at sea level = Air consists mostly of oxygen and nitrogen molecules. At room temperature, the molecules have thermal energy and are moving around rapidly (speed ( 400 m/s), colliding with each other and with every exposed surface. The pounding of the air molecules on a surface, like the pitter-pat of rain on the roof, adds up to a large force per area: patm = 14.7 psi. This is a big pressure! We are not ordinarily aware of this big pressure because the air pushes on us equally from all sides (even from our insides due to the air in our lungs). The big forces on us from all sides cancel out and there is no net force on us. At a given depth, a fluid exerts the same pressure in every direction. Consider a block of water (outlined by an imaginary box) within a bucket of water. Since the water is in equilibrium, the forces (and therefore the pressures) on opposite sides of the block must cancel. Example: At the surface of a swimming pool the pressure on a swimmer (due to the air) is patm = 1 atm. At what depth below the surface of the water is the total pressure on the swimmer = 2?atm? Answer: when the pressure due to the weight of the water alone is