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Alternative Cooling for Palomar Energy Project Overview of dry and wet cooling NH3 emissions from wet tower Wet towers and Legionella What is “beneficial use” of reclaimed water? What are other potential uses of reclaimed water? Impacts of dumping Palomar brine in ocean outfall Cost of dry versus wet cooling Bill Powers, P.E. Border Power Plant Working Group (BPPWG) Combined-Cycle Plant Wet Cooling Diagram - Condenser and Cooling Tower Dry Cooling Wet Tower Water Demand 500 MW combined-cycle: 4,000 acre-ft/yr (3.6 x 106 gal/day) Fate of water: 80 - 90% lost to evaporation, 10 - 20% converted to brine with salt content of 4,000 to 5,000 mg/l. Life of power plant: ~50 years Retrofit to dry system: Possible, though more difficult and expensive than incorporating dry cooling in original design. Impact on Cost of Power CEC/Electric Power Research Institute (research consortium of electric power utilities) February 2002 report on dry cooling states: Busbar production cost: includes all the costs of generating electricity and the plants being compared - since the cooling system costs are a small fraction of the total plant capital, operating, and fuel costs, these ratios are normally close to unity Translation - cooling system choice, wet or dry, has no significant impact on cost of power. Nearby States and Dry Cooling Nevada State Engineer’s Office, April 2002: Technology is available, which can produce significant amounts of electricity using air-cooled systems. State Engineer…does not believe it is prudent to use substantial quantities of newly appropriated ground water for water-cooled power plants in one of the driest places in the nation… Nearby States and Dry Cooling Texas currently has 1,650 MW of dry-cooled combined-cycle capacity in operation and 550 MW under construction. 450 MW dry plant permitted for El Paso. Arizona recently (2002) required dry cooling on one project and rejected a second project due to concerns over impacts