ppt课件-logicalfallacies-universityofarizona.pptVIP

LOGICAL FALLACIES Common Mistakes in Weak Arguments Definition Logical fallacies are flaws in reasoning that lead to faulty, illogical statements. They are unreasonable argumentative tactics named for what has gone wrong during the reasoning process. Most logical fallacies masquerade as reasonable statements, but they are in fact attempts to manipulate readers by reaching their emotions instead of their intellects. I deduce it was Miss Scarlett… all inductive (not deductive) arguments are technically invalid The terms most often used to distinguish good and bad inductive arguments are strong and weak. An example of a strong inductive argument would be: (1) Every day to date the law of gravity has held.?Therefore:? (2) The law of gravity will hold tomorrow. Arguments that fail to meet the standards required of inductive arguments commit fallacies. It is these informal fallacies that we are concerend with Arguments consist of premises, inferences, and conclusions. Therefore…you will be examining Premises Inferences conclusions —Fallacy of Relevance— The fallacies of relevance clearly fail to provide adequate reason for believing the truth of their conclusions. They are often used in attempts to persuade people by non-logical means, only the unwary, the predisposed, and the gullible are apt to be fooled by their illegitimate appeals. Many of them were identified by medieval and renaissance logicians, whose Latin names for them have passed into common use. Ad Hominem Latin for to the man Directly attacks someone’s appearance, personal habits, or character rather than focusing on the merit of the issue at hand. The implication is that if something is wrong with this person, whatever he/she says must be wrong. Ad Hominem – Making it Personal Sara is divorced, so whatever relationship advice she gives you can’t be good. It is the suggestions, not the person who makes them that deserve attention. Sara’s marital status has nothing to do with the