ppt课件-liquidbiofuelsystemsforthetransportsector-worldbank.pptVIP

Lifecycle Analyses of GHG Impacts of Biofuels for Transport Eric D. Larson Princeton Environmental Institute Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA Content of this talk Striking features of different LCA results. Key variables/uncertainties in LCA results. GHG impacts of biomass use for transportation vs. stationary applications Striking features of LCA studies reviewed Wide range of biofuels have been included in different LCAs: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME, or fatty acid ethyl ester, FAEE) rapeseed (RME), soybeans (SME), sunflowers, coconuts, recycled cooking oil Pure plant oil rapeseed Bioethanol (E100, E85, E10, ETBE) grains or seeds: corn, wheat, potato sugar crops: sugar beets, sugarcane lignocellulosic biomass: wheat straw, switchgrass, short rotation woody crops Fischer-Tropsch diesel and Dimethyl ether (DME) lignocellulosic waste wood, short-rotation woody crops (poplar, willow), switchgrass LCAs are almost universally set in European or North American context (crops, soil types, agronomic practices, etc.). One prominent exception is an excellent Brazil sugarcane ethanol LCA. Extremely wide range reported for LCA results for GHG mitigation Across different biofuels Across different LCA studies for same biofuel Lack of focus on evaluating per-hectare GHG impacts. Most analyses report GHG savings per GJ biofuel. Some report GHG savings per-vkm. Few focus on understanding what approaches maximize land-use efficiency for GHG mitigation All studies are relatively narrow engineering analyses that assume one set of activities replaces another. Delucchi’s Suggested Expanded LCA Wide range in LCA results (1) Wide range in LCA results (2) Key Variables in LCA Studies Allocation of co-product credits Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions Soil carbon sequestration Different co-product allocation methods have different pros and cons No allocation. Allocation by co-product weight. Allocation by co-product energy content. Allocation by share of process energy