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spotlightsarsensormodelsupportingprecisegeopositioning.doc

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spotlightsarsensormodelsupportingprecisegeopositioning

NGA.SIG.0005_1.0 2010-03-30 NGA STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENT Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sensor Model Supporting Precise Geopositioning (2010-03-30) Version 1.0 NATIONAL CENTER FOR GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE STANDARDS Table of Contents Revision History v 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Approach 1 1.3 References 1 1.3.1 Normative 1 1.3.2 Informative 2 1.4 Overview of SAR Formulation Paper 2 2. Overview of Coordinate System Descriptions and Relationships 3 2.1 General Coordinate System Considerations 3 2.2 Earth Coordinate System 3 2.3 Airborne Platform Coordinate System 5 2.4 Imagery Sensor Storage Layout as Per ISO 7 2.5 Row, Column (r, c) to Line, Sample (?, s) Coordinate Transformation 7 2.6 Image Coordinate System as Per CSM 8 3. SAR Sensor Imaging Systems 9 3.1 SAR Resolution 9 3.2 Basic Radar Principles 11 3.3 Phased Array Antenna Basic Principles 13 3.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar Principles 14 3.4.1 Range Resolution in SAR 14 3.4.2 Azimuth Resolution in SAR 15 3.5 SAR Imaging Modes 15 3.5.1 Spotlight Mode 16 3.5.2 Stripmap Mode 17 3.5.3 Dynamic Stripmap Mode 18 3.5.4 ScanSAR Mode 18 3.6 Doppler Frequency 18 3.7 SAR Image Formation Processor 21 4. SAR Sensor Coordinate Systems 22 4.1 Polar Coordinate System 23 4.2 SAR Output Surfaces 24 4.3 Slant Plane Coordinate System 25 4.4 Local Slant Plane System 26 4.5 Ground Plane Coordinate System 27 4.6 Geographic Coordinates on the Inflated Ellipsoid Surface 28 4.7 In-track, Cross-track, Radial Coordinate System 29 5. Transformations between Coordinate Systems 30 5.1 Image Coordinates to Output Plane Coordinates 31 5.2 Output Plane Coordinates to ECEF Coordinates 32 5.2.1 Output Plane Unit Vectors 32 Slant Plane Unit Vector Computation 32 Ground Plane Unit Vector Computation 33 Output plane coordinates to ECEF 34 5.3 ECEF Output Plane Coordinates to Terrain Surface Coordinates 34 5.3.1 Range Sphere Condition 35 5.3.2 Doppler Cone Condition 35 5.3.3 Solution of range-Doppl

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