- universityof babylon（——大学巴比伦）（16页）.docVIP

?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? Light emission by solid-state lasers and light-emitting diodes Here we explore the further consequences of light emission in solids, focusing our attention on ionic crystals and semiconductors used in the design of lasers and light- emitting diodes. The neodymium laser is an example of a four-level laser, in which the laser transition terminates in a state other than the ground state of the laser material (Fig. 1) Fig. The transitions involved in a neodymium laser. The laser action takes place between the 4F and 4I excited states. In one form it consists of Nd3+ ions at low concentration in yttrium aluminium gar- net (YAG, specifically Y3Al5012) and is then known as a Nd-YAG laser. The population inversion results from pumping a majority of the Nd3+ ions into an excited state by using an intense flash from another source, followed by a radiationless transition to another excited state. The pumping flash need not be monochromatic because the upper level actually consists of several states spanning a band of frequencies. A neodymium laser operates at a number of wavelengths in the infrared, the band at 1064 nm being most common. The transition at 1064 nm is very efficient and the laser is capable of substantial power output, either in continuous or pulsed (by Q-switching or mode-locking modes of operation). The titanium sapphire laser consists of Ti3+ ions at low concentration in a crystal of sapphire (Al203). The electronic absorption spectrum of Ti3+ ion in sapphire has a broad absorption band centred at around 500 nm that arises from vibronically allowed d-d transitions of the Ti3 + ion in an octahedral environment provided by oxygen atoms of the host lattice. As a result, the emission spectrum of Ti 3 + in sapphire is also broad and laser action occurs over a wide range of wavelengths (Fig. 2). Therefore, the titanium sapphire laser is an example of a vibronic laser, in