a d j u d i c a t i o n- american bar association（d j d i c t i o n -美国律师协会）（61页）.docVIP

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a d j u d i c a t i o n- american bar association（d j d i c t i o n -美国律师协会）（61页）.doc

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ADJUDICATION Adjudication is the agency process for issuing an order which resolves particular rights or duties. It would be impracticable to canvass the entire subject of administrative adjudication throughout the range of its uses. The present treatment is bounded in two respects: it deals only with federal administrative law, and it deals only with fundamental elements, as specified by constitutional due process and by the Administrative Procedure Act. DUE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR A HEARING A. Basic principles Due process analysis requires, first, a determination that there exists a constitutionally protected interest within the meaning of the constitutional Due Process Clauses; second, it requires a determination that there has been a ?deprivation? of those interests; third, it requires a determination of what process is due in order to protect those interests. Due process attaches only to ?state action.? B. Protected Interest Procedural due process requires a ?substantive predicate,? which is a substantive right to ?life, liberty or property.? The substantive rights that are protected by due process must be independently determined, apart from the demand for procedural protection itself. Substantive rights may be derived from a variety of sources. In the case of property, the right or entitlement must be grounded outside the federal Constitution, which presupposes but does not itself create property rights. An entitlement requires the presence of substantive standards that constrain the discretion of governmental decisionmaker. Protected property rights are established by state or federal law, including both statutory and common law. Liberty interests may be based on state or federal law, or on the federal Constitution, including the due process clause itself. C. Deprivation To constitute a deprivation for due process purposes, government action must adversely affect a protected interest. Negligent actions, however, even if tortio