[doc]introduction-zielonabrama（128页）.docVIP

INTERPRETATION MANUAL OF EUROPEAN UNION HABITATS EUR 25 April 2003 EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG Environment Nature and biodiversity  ( The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - EUR25 is a scientific reference document. It is based on the version for EUR15, which was adopted by the Habitats Committee on 4. October 1999 and consolidated with the new and amended habitat types for the 10 accession countries as adopted by the Habitats Committee on 14 March 2002. TABLE OF CONTENTS  WHY THIS MANUAL ? 3 Historical review 3 The manual 4 The EUR15 version 5 The EUR25 VERSION 7 Explanatory Notes 8 COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS 9 Open sea and tidal areas 9 Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches 11 Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows 14 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic saltmarshes and salt meadows 16 Salt and gypsum inland steppes 18 Boreal Baltic archipelago, coastal and landupheaval areas 19 COASTAL SAND DUNES AND INLAND DUNES 22 Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts 22 Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast 28 Inland dunes, old and decalcified 30 FRESHWATER HABITATS 32 Standing water 32 Running water 37 TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB 41 SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL) 49 Sub-Mediterranean and temperate scrub 49 Mediterranean arborescent matorral 51 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush 52 Phrygana 54 NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS 56 Natural grasslands 56 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies 60 Sclerophillous grazed forests (dehesas) 66 Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows 67 Mesophile grasslands 70 RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS 72 Sphagnum acid bogs 72 Calcareous fens 76 Boreal mires 79 ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES 80 Scree 80 Rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 83 Other rocky habitats 87 FORESTS 89 Forests of Boreal Europe 89 Forests of temperate Europe 95 Mediterranean deciduous forests 110 Medi