c h a p t e r o n e- emergency management institute（c h p t e r o n e -应急管理研究所）（33页）.docVIP

CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPAL HAZARDS IN THE UNITED STATES This chapter describes the principal environmental hazards that are of greatest concern to emergency managers in communities throughout the United States. Each of these hazards will be described in terms of the physical processes that generate them, the geographical areas that are most commonly at risk, the types of impacts and typical magnitude of hazard events, and hazard-specific issues of emergency response. Introduction Most of the hazards that concern emergency managers are environmental hazards, which are commonly classified as natural or technological. Natural hazards are extreme events that originate in the natural environment, whereas the technological hazards of concern to emergency managers originate in human controlled processes (e.g., factories, warehouses) but are transmitted through the air and water. The natural hazards are commonly categorized as meteorological, hydrological, or geophysical. The most important technological hazards are toxic chemicals, radiological and nuclear materials, flammable materials, and explosives. The list of natural and technological hazards that could occur in the United States is much larger than can be addressed here. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on the hazard agents that most commonly confront local emergency managers. The first section addresses four meteorological hazards—severe storms (including blizzards), severe summer weather, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It also includes wildfires because these are significantly influenced by lack of rainfall. The second section describes three hydrological hazards—floods, storm surges, and tsunamis. The third section addresses geophysical hazards—volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides. The material in these three sections is drawn primarily from Alexander (1993), Bryant (1997), Ebert (1988), Federal Emergency Management Agency (1997), Hyndman and Hyndman (2005), Meyer (1977), Noji (1997), Scientific Assessment and