document- national oceanicand atmospheric administration（文档——国家oceanicand大气管理局）（20页）.docVIP

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document- national oceanicand atmospheric administration（文档——国家oceanicand大气管理局）（20页）.doc

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4. Ocean Colour and Fisheries Cara Wilson NOAA/NMFS/SWFSC ERD, 1352 Lighthouse Ave., Pacific Grove, CA 93950 4.1 Introduction In the last half century the world fish harvest has increased more than four-fold from 20 million tons in 1950 to over 80 million tons in 2000 [FAO Fisheries Department, 2004]. At the same time the number of overexploited and depleted stocks have increased, and an expanding population and problems with food supply have increased the pressure on fisheries resources. Better management and understanding of fisheries are needed to both maximize the utility of the current resources, and to ensure their sustainability into the future. However, these issues are complicated by the significant interannual variations that occur in fish populations, and sorting out fluctuations caused by anthropogenic effects (overexploitation, habitat alteration, pollution, etc.) from those caused by natural environmental variability is not trivial. The fundamental question of what drives the interannual variability of fish stocks was first posed over 100 years ago with the formation of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES), and still has not been adequately resolved [Bakun and Broad, 2003; Kendall and Duker, 1998]. Satellite data provide an environmental context within which to examine these issues, by measuring parameters of the habitat and ecosystems that influence marine resources at high temporal and spatial scales. In the broadest sense fisheries encompasses not just commercial fish stocks, but all living marine resources, which for threatened and endangered species involves efforts to help the populations recover. There are two primary ways that ocean colour data are used within fisheries. One is to find populations, usually a commercial fish stock to increase fishing efficiency, but also in some cases for conservation, for example trying to identify locations of endangered right whales in order to minimize the number of