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i n t e r- i s l a n d d i s t a n c e l e a r n i n g- r a i n network（我n t e r - s l n d d s t n c e l e r n我n g - r n网络）（9页）.doc

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INTER-ISLAND DISTANCE LEARNING EXCHANGE PROJECT THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Written By R. B. Trombley, Ph.D. Southwest Volcano Research Centre Apache Junction, Arizona USA Formation of the Hawaiian Islands No discussion of the formation of the volcanism of Hawaii would be complete without a discussion of “hot-spot” volcanoes. Hawaiian volcanoes, occurring well within the Pacific Plate and 4,000 kilometers from the nearest tectonic plate edge, are probably the best known exceptions to the rule that most volcanoes are found at the tectonic plate margins. To explain their anomalous position and relate them to plate tectonics, a Canadian geophysicist, Dr. J. Tuzzo Wilson developed the so-called “hot-spot” theory. In this theory, persistent zones of magma supply occur deep within the Earth at several places beneath the moving plates. These “hot spots” produce large batches of magma that rise through the overlying plate. The magma rises buoyantly because it is lighter than its surrounding rocks, and earthquake patterns indicate that it wedges apart cracks to pierce the plate. Through geologic time as the plate moves over a “hot-spot”, new volcanoes appear as the older, extinct volcanoes are carried away in the direction of plate motion. Dr. Wilson’s theory explained what geologists had puzzled over for more than a century - why the Hawaiian Islands have active volcanoes only on the southeast end of the chain, and why the islands become progressively older to the northwest. Moreover, knowing the approximate rate of motion of the Pacific Plate, Dr. Wilson’s “hot-spot” concept predicts what the age of the older volcanic islands should be. Dating of the various Hawaiian Islands by measuring minor amounts of radioactive elements and their daughter products in ancient Hawaiian lava flows indicates progressive increase in age to the northwest consistent with the “hot-spot” concept. Kauai is 5 million years older than, and 500 kilometers northwest