第1章-普化[精选].pptVIP

General Chemistry General Introduction 绪论 Chemistry——Definition 定义：the subject upon the properties, structures and changes of inorganic substances such as their elements, molecules and ions. 在原子、分子、离子水平上研究无机物的性质、结构及变化规律的学科——化学。 General chemistry consist of chemical equili-brium, bonding theory, structural concepts, coordination chemistry and. 课程内容包含：化学平衡、价键理论、结构简介、配位化学。 Achievements in Inorganic Chemistry The manufacture of ammonia 合成氨工业 ?? fertilizer 肥料; radioactivity 放射性 ?? nuclear power 核电; superfine silicon 超纯硅 ?? large integrated circuit 大规模集成电路 ?? computer; ceramics 陶瓷, fuel cell 燃料电池?? astronomy航天; synthetic ruby 人造红宝石 ?? laser 激光; nanotechnology 纳米科技 ?? ? ?? !!! …… Chapter 1General Principles about Chemical Reactions Section 2 the Energy Evolved in Chemical Reaction 化学反应中的能量关系 General Concepts about Chemical Thermodynamics 化学热力学的基本概念 Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the convertibility of heat into other forms of energy during a chemical process 化学热力学研究化学反应中热和其它形式能量之间的转换. It should be noted that heat or thermal energy (热能) is a form of energy. Thermodynamics deals with a system composed of vast amounts of tiny particles 热力学研究数量很大的微观粒子所组成的系统，也称大数粒子系统. For instance, 1 mole substance consists of 6?1023 small particles, called molecules. 1摩尔物质由6?1023分子构成. A 150-billion-year-old Saint Let’s suppose: A saint who was born at the very beginning of the Big Bang. His age is 150 billion years. If we change his age in second. 有一圣人在宇宙大爆炸诞生，年龄有150亿年，若换算成秒. 15,000,000,000 (years) = 1.5?10 ? 365 (days) ?24 (hours) ?60 (minutes) ? 60 (seconds) = 4.73 ?1017 s. If the saint can count out 10 molecules per second. The man has already counted out 4.73 ?1018 molecules only, i.e. only 10?7 mole molecules.若圣人每秒能数出10个分子，他只数出10?7摩尔分子. Thermodynamic System热力学体系 大数粒子服从一定的统计规律; 对大数粒子统计所得的平均值就是平衡态系统的宏观可测定的物理量. 物理量通常指: pressure, temperature, volume etc. Characteristics of Thermodynamic System热力学的特点 它从对热现象的大量的直接观察和实验测量所总结的普适的基本规律出发，应用数学方法，通过逻辑推理及演绎，得出有关物质各种宏观性质之间的关系、宏观物理、化学