国外认知^心理学课件6Chapter8_000.pptVIP

Cognitive Psychology: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Learning Objective Menu LO 8.1 How people use mental images to think LO 8.2 Nature of a concept LO 8.3 Methods people use to solve problems and make decisions LO 8.4 Artificial intelligence LO 8.5 Barriers to solving problems LO 8.6 Creative thinking LO 8.7 Definition of intelligence LO 8.8 How intelligence tests measure intelligence LO 8.9 How intelligence tests are constructed LO 8.10 Mental retardation and what causes it LO 8.11 Giftedness LO 8.12 Does intellectually gifted guarantee success LO 8.13 Theories of intelligence and how they differ LO 8.14 Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence LO 8.15 Language LO 8.16 Elements and structure of language LO 8.17 Language’s influence on thinking LO 8.18 Animal capability of learning language LO 8.19 Ways to improve thinking Thinking and Mental Images Thinking (cognition) - mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others. Mental images - mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality. Concepts Concepts - ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities. Superordinate concept - the most general form of a type of concept, such as “animal” or “fruit.” Basic level type - an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as “dog,” “cat,” or “pear.” Concepts Subordinate concept – the most specific category of a concept, such as one’s pet dog or a pear in one’s hand. Formal concepts - concepts that are defined by specific rules or features. Natural concepts - concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world. Prototype - an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept. Problem-Solving Problem solving - process of cognition that occ