基因組211蛋白质组的合成和加工.docVIP

11. Synthesis and Processing of the ProteomeLearning outcomes When you have read Chapter 11, you should be able to: Draw the general structure of a transfer RNA (tRNA) and explain how this structure enables the tRNA to play both a physical and an informational role during protein synthesis Describe how an amino acid becomes attached to a tRNA and outline the processes that ensure that combinations are formed between the correct pairs of amino acids and tRNAs Explain how codons and anticodons interact, and discuss the influence of wobble on this interaction Outline the techniques that have been used to study the structure of the ribosome, and summarize the information that has resulted from these studies Give a detailed description of the process of translation in bacteria and eukaryotes, with emphasis on the roles of the various translation factors, this description including an explanation of how translation is regulated and an outline of the unusual events, such as frameshifting, that can occur during the elongation phase Explain why post-translational processing of proteins is an important component of the genome expression pathway, and describe the key features of protein folding, protein processing by proteolytic cleavage and chemical modification, and intein splicing Describe the major processes responsible for protein degradation in bacteria and eukaryotes the end result of genome expression is the proteome, the collection of functioning proteins synthesized by a living cell. The identity and relative abundance of the individual proteins in a proteome represents a balance between the synthesis of new proteins and the degradation of existing ones. The biochemical capabilities of the proteome can also be changed by chemical modification and other processing events. The combination of synthesis, degradation, and modification/processing enables the proteome to meet the changing requirements of the cell and to respond to external stimuli. In this chapte