基因組2-3转录组和蛋白质组.docVIP

3. Transcriptomes and ProteomesLearning outcomes When you have read Chapter 3, you should be able to: Define the terms ‘transcriptome and ‘proteome Draw a diagram illustrating the modern interpretation of the genome expression pathway, indicating the main points at which genome expression is regulated Distinguish between coding and non-coding RNA and give examples of each type Outline the process by which RNA is synthesized in the cell List the major types of RNA processing events that occur in living cells Describe how transcriptomes are studied and discuss the applications of this type of research Give a detailed description of the various levels of protein structure Explain why amino acids underlie protein diversity Outline how the meaning of each codon in the genetic code was elucidated Describe the key features of the genetic code Explain why the function of a protein is dependent on its amino acid sequence List the major roles of proteins in living organisms and relate this diversity to the function of the genome the genome is a store of biological information but on its own it is unable to release that information to the cell. Utilization of the biological information requires the coordinated activity of enzymes and other proteins, which participate in a complex series of biochemical reactions referred to as genome expression. The details of genome expression are described in Part 3. Before reaching this detailed discussion, an overview of the key events involved in genome expression will be valuable, in order to establish a foundation of knowledge onto which the more comprehensive understanding can subsequently be built. This chapter provides that overview. 3.1. Genome Expression in Outline The initial product of genome expression is the transcriptome, a collection of RNA molecules derived from those protein-coding genes whose biological information is required by the cell at a particular time ( Figure 3.1 ). These RNA molecules direct synthe