Ch6_和Multiple Regression Analysis_Further Issues_C.pptVIP

CHAPTER 6多元回归分析：进一步问题MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS: FURTHER ISSUES Risk varies inversely with knowledge. Irving Fisher: The theory of Interest (1930) 6.1 标准化回归系数 标准化回归系数的意义 标准化回归系数的方法 Example: 污染对住房价格的影响 some 6.2 函数形式的进一步讨论MORE ON FUNCTIONAL FORM A. 对数函数形式的进一步讨论（More on Using Logarithmic Functional Forms） We begin by reviewing how to interpret the parameters in the model active active There are several reasons logs are used so much in applied work. 1.当 y0 时， log(y) 作为因变量，能够使模型更好满足CLM假设。取对数通常能够缓和异方差性和偏正态性。When y0, models using log(y) as the dependent variable often satisfy the CLM assumptions more closely than models using the level of y. 2. 取对数通常能够有效减少变量的变差，更少受野值的影响。taking logs usually narrows the range of the variable, in some cases by a considerable amount. 取对数的经验规则 There are some standard rules of thumb for taking logs, although none is written in stone. 正数变量（When a variable is a positive dollar amount, the log is often taken, which have the common features of large integer values). Wages, salaries, firm sales, firm market values, 时间变量通常为水平变量。Variables that are measured in years usually appear in their original form. 速度变量可以两种形式。A variable that is a proportion or a percent can appear in either original or logarithmic form, although there is a tendency to use them in level forms. Percentage point change and percentage change. 当因变量为负或为零时不能用对数。One limitation of the log is that it cannot be used if a variable takes on zero or negative values. 对数因变量不便于预测。One drawback to using a dependent variable in logarithmic form is that it is more difficult to predict the original variable. 当因变量不同时，不能用拟合优度比较模型。A related point is that it is not legitimate to compare R-squareds from models where y is the dependent variable in one case and log(y) is the dependent variable in the other. B. 二次式模型(Models with Quadratics) 用于边际效应递增或递减(Quadartic functions are also used quite often in applied economics to capture decreasing or increasing marginal effects.) When you c