ppt课件-e n g i n e e r i n g s u r v e y i n g p h o t o g r a m e t r y（ 舌鳎 ）.pptVIP

Introduction: Areas and Volumes estimation is basic to most engineering schemes/projects such as route alignment, reservoirs, tunnels, etc. Excavation and hauling of materials on projects are always significant and costly. The calculation of areas may be based on data scaled from plans or drawings or data gained directly from survey field data. Computation from field notes Computation from plotted maps or plan Graphical method Instrumental method Mid-ordinate rule Average ordinate rule Trapezoidal rule: This assumes that the short length of boundary between the ordinates are straight l