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Analogue Modulation (AM)
1. Why Modulate? 2
2. Amplitude Modulation 3
2.1 Time domain 3
2.2 Derivation 4
2.3 Modulation Index (or Modulation Factor or Depth of Modulation) 7
2.4 Power in an AM waveform 9
2.5 Peak Instantaneous Power 9
3. Suppressed Carrier Signals and Single Sideband 10
4. AM Demodulators 11
4.1 Diode Detector 11
Why Modulate?
All audio signals occupy the same frequency band i.e. between 0 and 20 kHz. Before being broadcast an audio signal (speech or music) must be moved, or frequency translated to a specific frequency range in order to use the available frequency spectrum. To do this the audio signal (or modulating signal) modulates a much higher radio frequency (the carrier frequency). Each audio signal is assigned a carrier - defining a channel - so that it is possible for the receiver to discriminate between all the streams of signals coming in.
There are 3 main reasons to modulate a signal on to a high frequency carrier
Audio is in the range approx. 30 - 20000 kHz. If an electromagnetic signal with a frequency of 30 Hz is transmitted it will have a wavelength of (speed of light /frequency) = 300,000/30?km = 10,000 km. To pick up this signal an aerial of size approx. 2,500 km will be required - impractical. If this signal is used to modulate a carrier of 1 MHz the wavelength will be 300,000/1,000,000 km = 300 m, and an aerial of 75 m will suffice. If the carrier is 100 MHz, the wavelength is 3 m and a 750 cm aerial is sufficient.
A large number of radio transmitters are trying to transmit at the same time. It is necessary for the receiver to pick up only the wanted signal and to reject the rest. One way to do to this is to assign a carrier with a known frequency to each transmitter, modulate this carrier with the signal, and then design the receiver to pick up only that known carrier frequency and reject the rest, using appropriate filtering methods. Then the original signal is removed from the received carrier. The same concept is used in
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