OzoneDepletionandClimateChange.pptVIP

Ozone Depletion and Climate Change Outline Ozone Depletion Initiatives in responding to the ozone problem Negotiations Montreal Protocol, 1987. Climate Change Introduction Negotiating global response: Issues UNFCCC, 1992 Kyoto Protocol, 1997. Sum. OZONE DEPLETION [Vienna convention (1985 )and Montreal Protocol, 1987] Solving/Responding to the Ozone Problem Two major initiatives: U.S and global U.S. initiatives: a) Domestic front Ready to ban before international action Public concern and organized pressure? b) Internationally 1972 U.S. raised issue at UN Conference on Human Env. at Stockholm; call for research on the ozone problem. U.S. tabled issue at NATO Conference in 1975 [EPA initiative]. 1977 UNEP’s coordinating committee on Ozone layer. Negotiations on a binding agreement began in 1981. -difficulties Difficult Negotiations: - scientific uncertainty still high. E.g. 1984 international scientific program still lacked a consensus by 1985. - Large producers: Britain, France, Italy, and Spain, therefore, resisted stringent Measures vs. countries that wanted strong controls [Toronto Group: Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden - 1985 Vienna Convention signed. Provided for: cooperation in research, monitoring and information exchange - 1985 discovery of ozone “hole” in Antarctica Montreal Protocol, 1987. Aim: regulate and phase out Ozone Depleting Substances [ODS] Negotiations a) impact of domestic actors [U.S. industry] b) Epistemic community- inconclusive opinion [fed into tactics of industry lobbyists. - By 1987, near unanimity on adverse effects, gave credibility to proponents of ban. c) Issue played into N.-S. divide on Env. Development How they managed to secure an agreement Financial mechanisms Support diffusion of technology on substitutes for ODS in developing countries. Role of hegemon [ U.S. took lead] Carrot and stick strategy - cushioned developing countries [10 years delay] - Control of trade in ODS with non-part