electromagneticinduction-facstaffhomepageforcbu.docVIP

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION OBJECTIVE: To study the laws of electromagnetic induction (Faradays law and Lenzs law). THEORY: Electromagnetic induction is the process in which a magnetic field causes or INDUCES an electric field. However, a static magnetic field will not do this; it takes a CHANGING magnetic field. A changing Bfield can be produced in several ways: (1) the current producing the Bfield can change, (2) the source of the field (electromagnet or permanent magnet) can be in motion, or (3) the frame of reference in which the Bfield is being observed can be in motion. The induced electric field exists only while the change is occurring. If there is no change, then there is no induction. When there are conductors present, the induced electric field is usually described in terms of an induced voltage, also called the ‘electromotive force’ (EMF). If the conductors form complete circuits, then the induced EMFs produce induced currents. Faradays law of induction relates the induced electric field to the changing magnetic field. For the case of a circuit, Faradays law can be written as , where ( is the magnetic flux through the circuit. When the Bfield is uniform and at right angles to the area A bounded by the circuit, then the flux is simply B A. (For nonuniform fields, the flux must be calculated by integration.) Often it is useful to distinguish between the case where the Bfield passes through the area A in one direction (e.g., left to right) and the case where it passes through in the opposite direction (e.g., right to left). This can be done by letting the flux be positive in one case (it doesnt matter which) and negative in the other case. When this is done, a reversal of the field direction or a rotation of the circuit by 180° relative to the Bdirection will cause a sign change in the flux through the circuit. The minus sign in the Faradays law equation gives information about the direction of the induced Efield a