s h e a n max( i i)- western australian museum（s h e n马克斯(我)-西澳大利亚博物馆）.docVIP

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s h e a n max( i i)- western australian museum（s h e n马克斯(我)-西澳大利亚博物馆）.doc

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s h e a n max( i i)- western australian museum（s h e n马克斯(我)-西澳大利亚博物馆）

Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995 X-craft service in the British Royal Navy A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle. Good morning. I aim to outline the reason for the evolution of small submarines in the Royal Navy in WWII, what they were like, the training of crews, operations carried out and finally some thoughts of my own. Please excuse my special reference to Australians involved. The RAN had no submarines in WWII but there were many Australian submariners, at least one from Fremantle. 1. PURPOSE After the German battleship Bismarck was sunk by the Royal Navy in May 1941, her sister ship Tirpitz remained as the most powerful ship, a constant threat to the allied cause generally and to merchant ships in convoys to Russia in particular. Churchill declared that the destruction of Tirpitz was the most important event in the war at sea at that time. She was kept well protected in Norwegian fjords near North Cape, outside effective bombing range, despite many determined attacks by the Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm. The possibility of developing a submarine small enough to penetrate harbours was explored by Admiralty and pursued by Commanders Bell and Varley who built a prototype named X3. This concept was approved and an operational design produced by Admiralty. 2. DESCRIPTION The first operational midget submarines were designated X-craft, numbered five to ten and built by Vickers Armstrong of Barrow in Furness. Their surface displacement was 30 tons and range on diesel engine 1000 miles. As Alten Fjord was 1000 miles from Scapa, the nearest Allied harbour, they were to be towed by conventional submarine to and from the target area. They were armed port and starboard with a charge, or bottom mine, tow tons of explosive being detonated by a clock set to run up to six hours. The design was simple, having only three main ballast, three trim and one quick-dive