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s a m p l e p r e- a p p l i c a t i o n（s m p l e p r e - p p l i c t i o n）.doc

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s a m p l e p r e- a p p l i c a t i o n（s m p l e p r e - p p l i c t i o n）

Investigating Late Holocene North Atlantic Climate Variability through Speleothem Paleoproxy and Historical Weather Data from Bermuda INTRODUCTION Recent trends in hurricane frequency and intensity, a continually growing coastal population, and the presence of wide-reaching climatic patterns all underscore the importance of understanding changes in North Atlantic climate. Numerous paleoclimate studies have identified the North Atlantic as a region of importance in regulating global climate through meridional overturning circulation and other processes. The study proposed herein is focused on using stable isotope data from Bermuda speleothem calcium carbonate to help reconstruct dominant low-frequency modes of North Atlantic climate variability through the mid-Holocene (the last several thousand years). This period is replete with climate changes, from the warm hypsithermal peak of ~6000 years ago, followed by the slow overall cooling of the neoglacial, punctuated by rapid change “events” and century-scale periods like the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age. Recent warming from the start of the 20th century to the present has been attributed largely to the build-up of atmospheric greenhouse gases (Mann et al., 1998, 1999) and may herald the beginning of a possibly rapid transition to a new, warmer climate regime. The more we learn about the natural workings of the climate system on time scales of decades to centuries, which are of particular relevance as they are on the scale of a human lifetime, the better prepared we can be for warming-induced changes, some of which may already be afoot, such as the possibility that warmer ocean temperatures are increasing hurricane frequency (Goldenberg et al., 2001; Knight et al., 2006) or intensity (Knutson and Tuleya, 2004). Because instrumental records of climate are only ~150 years long, we must turn toward paleoclimate records contained in paleoproxy indicators such as glacial ice, marine and freshwater sedim