santiago, chile- u c santa barbara geography（智利圣地亚哥- u c圣芭芭拉分校地理）.docVIP

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santiago, chile- u c santa barbara geography（智利圣地亚哥- u c圣芭芭拉分校地理）.doc

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Santiago, Chile 20-22nd October 1999 Diego Portales Convention Center Cite as: GEOINFO2000 Seminario De Sistemas De Informacion Geograficos: Herramientas Para La Gestion Del Espacio Geographico En El Proximo Milenio. CD-ROM Academia Politecnica Militar Del Ejercito De Chile. Dpto. De Inventigocion y Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. Ten Milestones and Three Guesses: Navigating the Path to Geographic Information Science by Keith C. Clarke Professor and Director (Santa Barbara) NCGIA Department of Geography UC Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106-4060 USA kclarke@ ABSTRACT The pathway from the past to the present of geographic information systems is examined by reference to ten milestones that represented turning points along the way. They include milestones relating to data provision, to methods, to technology and to the human organizations that have helped on the journey, culminating in the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. Three future directions for GIS are briefly discussed, including ubiquitous computing, the consequences of a data rich era, and GIS designed for public participation in decision making. GIS is shown to have evolved from a technology, through a suite of technologies and into a new approach to scientific activity in the spatial sciences. Introduction Geographic Information Systems (GISs) in the United States have formed a suite of information management technologies that have permanently transformed the way that all data, especially geographic data, influence the flows of goods and services in the information economy. GIS has been used to effectively manage economic activity, to rationalize the collection and availability of cadastral information, to better plan development and manage natural resources, and to reconstruct the maps and geographic reference data provided by the civilian and military mapping organizations. There is no shortage of GIS success stories today. However, this was not always the case. GIS has had a contorted