section7-schoolofengineeringandcomputerscience.docVIP

Loadflow Formulation of the loadflow problem. Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and Stotts algorithm. Calculation of line flows, system losses, and area interchange. 1 Formulation of the Problem The loadflow problem is one of the classic power system engineering problems. During the early days of digital computers, many advances in techniques for solving large sets of equations were brought about specifically to help solve the loadflow problem. In most electrical circuit analyses, the network consists of known impedances, voltage sources, and current sources. However, in the loadflow problem, active and reactive powers, rather than shunt impedances, are specified at most network busses, because most loads behave, on average, as constant power loads (active and reactive power), as long as their applied voltage remains within reasonable ranges. Consider, for example, the air conditioning load of a building. A certain amount of energy is required to maintain between inside and outside temperatures. Even though the air conditioner cycles on-and-off, and the voltage may change slightly, the air conditioning load appears, on the average, as a fixed power load, rather than as a fixed impedance load. Power system loads are closely monitored at substations, at large customers, and for total electric utility companies. Loads tend to have predictable daily, weekly, and seasonal patterns. Annual peak demands and energies for electric utilities are forecasted for generation and planning purposes. Most loadflows model three-phase balanced systems. Positive-sequence values, usually in per unit, represent R, L, C, P, Q, S, ?, V, and I. The purpose of the loadflow program is to compute bus voltages and line/transformer/cable power flows once network topology, impedances, loads, and generators have been specified. Ideally, the computed bus voltages for the study system should remain within acceptable ranges, and line/transformer/cable power flows should be below their rate