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Statistical Analysis I. Basic Hypothesis-Driven Analyses fMRI Graduate Course November 13, 2002 When do we not need statistical analysis? Why use statistical analyses? Replaces simple subtractive methods Signal highly corrupted by noise Typical SNRs: 0.2 – 0.5 Sources of noise Thermal variation (unstructured) Physiological variability (structured) Assesses quality of data How reliable is an effect? Allows distinction of weak, true effects from strong, noisy effects Statistical Parametric Maps 1. Brain maps of statistical quality of measurement Examples: correlation, regression approaches Displays likelihood that the effect observed is due to chance factors Typically expressed in probability (e.g., p 0.001) 2. Effect size Determined by comparing task-related variability and non-task-related variability Signal change divided by noise (SNR) Typically expressed as t or z statistics Why use effect size measures? Dissociate size of signal change from reliability of signal change Understanding reliability of change allows quantification of error probabilities Types of Errors Type I: Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true Calling “active” voxels that really have no activity To minimize false positives, adopt a high threshold for significance Type II: Accepting null hypothesis when it is false Calling “inactive” voxels that are really associated with the task To minimize incorrect rejections, adopt a low threshold for significance Simple Statistical Analyses Common t-test across conditions Fourier t-test at time points Correlation General Linear Model Other tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov Iterative Connectivity Mapping T – Tests across Conditions Compares difference between means to population variability Uses t distribution Defined as the likely distribution due to chance between samples drawn from a single population Commonly used across conditions in blocked designs Potential problem: Multiple Comparisons Drift Artifact and T-Test Fourier Analysis Fourier transfo
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