ppt课件-bird navigation（鸟类导航）.pptVIP

How do Birds Find Their Way? What we learned in the last 20 years Introduction Given the power of flight, birds are highly mobile. Some species migrate and travel great distances. Arctic Tern - 12,000 mile journey. Manx Shearwater – Boston to Wales Previous Studies Matthew’s Sun-Arc Theory Birds look at the movement of the sun and compares angles and the noon azimuth to extrapolate latitude and longitude coordinates. Kramer’s Map and Compass Hypothesis Birds establish a “Map” (direction to the goal) with the help of an external reference, a compass. Current Studies Landmarks Stars Ultraviolet Light Infrasounds Sun Magnetic Fields Olfaction Landmarks Pigeons tested using frosted contact lenses. There is some indication that birds use landmarks, at least sometimes. Not effective at night. Stars Many birds migrate at night. “Cluster N” – Mouritsen et al. 2005 Indigo Buntings seem to use the northern sky within about 35 degrees of the north star. Problematic in cloudy conditions and in Southern hemisphere. Ultraviolet Light Study by Parrish et al. demonstrated birds can detect ultraviolet light. Effective even during cloudy days. Not readily studied. Infrasounds Low Frequency Sounds (10 Hz) Generated by wind, ocean waves, storms, mechanical devices, etc. Conditioned Cardiac Response Pigeons hear less than 2 Hz. Not readily studied Sun Sun acts as a compass (angles of light/shadow) Birds possess internal circadian clock. On cloudy days, Blue-winged Teal would circle until they got above the clouds at which time they started to move in the appropriate direction. Magnetic Field Birds have magnetodetection senses (Mouritsen and Ritz 2005). Birds have magnetite near the beak. Cryptochromes in the eyes. Exact mechanism still unclear. Possible problems Smells Intact sense of smell is necessary for goal-oriented homing of pigeons. Olfactory-based mechanism linked to piriform cortex. Trace gases/ratio of hydrocarbons at the home site distributed via winds may serve as a n