ppt课件-introto planetary management- x tideand divisionof ocean（introto行星管理- x tideand divisionof海洋）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-introto planetary management- x tideand divisionof ocean（introto行星管理- x tideand divisionof海洋）.ppt

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U6115: Climate WaterFriday, June 20 2003 Today: Water/Hydrology Cycle Approach Some Definitions Transport and transformation processes within definite reservoirs: Carbon, Rock, Water Cycles Reservoir: (box, compartment: M in mass units or moles) An amount of material defined by certain physical, chemical, or biological characteristics that can be considered homogeneous O2 in the atmosphere Carbon in living organic matter in the Ocean Water in the Ocean Flux: (F) The amount of material transferred from one reservoir to another per unit time (M/s or M/s.L2) The rate of evaporation of water from the surface Ocean The rate of deposition of inorganic carbon (carbonates on marine sediments Source: (I or Q) A flux of material into a reservoir Sink: (O or S) A flux of material out of a reservoir More Definitions… Budget: A balance sheet of all sources and sinks of a reservoir. If sources and sinks balance each other and do not change with time, the reservoir is in steady-state (M does not change with time). If steady-state prevails, then a flux that is unknown can be estimated by its difference from the other fluxes. for a control volume this means: dM/dt = I-O Turnover time: The ratio of the content (M) of the reservoir to the sum of its sinks (O) or sources (I). The time it will take to empty the reservoir if there aren’t any sources. It is also a measure of the average time an atom/molecule spends in the reservoir. Or: ?0 = M/O (or M/I) Cycle: A system consisting of two or more connected reservoir, where a large part of the material (energy) is transferred through the system in a cyclic fashion The Water Cycle (in detail) The volume (M) of water at the surface of the Earth is enormous: 1.37 109 km3! (total reservoir) – The Oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface (29% for the continent masses above sea level) Fluxes (F in 103 km3/yr) Of total yearly evaporation, 84% evaporates from the Oceans and 16% from surface of continents. However, return to Earth via precipit