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LIS 397.1Introduction to Research in Library and Information ScienceWorking with Two Variables: Correlation, Regression, and Chi-Square R. E. Wyllys Copyright 2003 by R. E. Wyllys Last revised 2003 Jan 15 Standardized Tests of Statistical Hypotheses To each type of statistical hypothesis corresponds a particular standardized test procedure or procedures Each test procedure includes a formula, the “test statistic” You place, into the test statistic, data from observed sample or samples obtain a number, the observed value of the test statistic Standardized Tests of Statistical Hypotheses Traditional Method: Compare absolute value of observed value of test statistic against threshold value from pertinent table If |test statistic| ? tabled threshold Accept H0 If |test statistic| tabled threshold Reject H0 Computer-Era Method: Use probability of getting observed value of test statistic when the null hypothesis H0 is true (OVTSWNHT) If P(OVTSWNHT) ? ? Accept H0 If P(OVTSWNHT) ? Reject H0 Common Types of Two-Variable Statistical Hypotheses H0: ?XY = 0 Interval variables X and Y are not correlated in the population: “There is no correlation between the age and the salary of a typical librarian” H0: Categorical variables X and Y are not associated in the population: “There is no association between the sex of a library patron and the type of book the patron prefers” H0: ?XY = 0 How Correlation Works H0: ?XY = 0 H0: ?XY = 0 H0: ?XY = 0 Linear Regression Linear Regression Calculation of the Linear Regression Coefficients Multilinear Regression Chi-Square Test of Association Chi-Square Test of Association Observed value of ?2 is compared with tabled threshold value, chosen according to Chosen level of significance, ? Number of degrees of freedom: df = (# of rows - 1)(# of columns - 1) Most statistical processing programs, including SPSS, also calculate the level of significance of the