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? 2003, R J Sweet, “GPS for Mariners.” Reprinted with permission  Advanced Piloting Course Chapter 4Avoidance Techniques Navigation from a different Perspective What you have learned: Point-to-point navigation Primary technique in Piloting AP Pre-qualify the path, follow the path Alternative complementary approach Navigating to avoid Avoid shallow water Avoid hazards Avoid restricted areas Chapter 4 Danger Bearings, Circles Avoidance Techniques First Step Determining what to avoid Examine chart for region of interest Identify: Region for boating Limits of latitude and longitude Harbors or bays Hazards Rocks Obstacles Shallow water Charted, visible reference points Navigation aids Landmarks Determining the Avoidance Area Danger Bearings Intent: By monitoring bearing to a landmark Stay away from danger SKILL Plotting and Labeling Danger Bearings Monitoring the bearing on the water Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Constructing a Danger Bearing Monitoring Position Danger Bearings Visual bearings Hand-bearing compass Monitor bearing to landmark GPS bearings Enter landmark as waypoint Monitor GPS bearing to landmark Using Danger Bearings Danger Sector Exercise 4-1 – Danger Bearing Take out Bowditch Bay chart Plot and label danger bearing Solution to Exercise 4-1 Crosstrack Error Feature in GPS Data Field Indicates deviation from course line Left or Right of intended course Distance in feet or nautical miles Alarm An alarm can be set Sounds if exceed crosstrack error Crosstrack Error Uses Stay close to course line Boat freely within lateral limits Sailing Crosstrack Error – Avoid Hazards Determining an Avoidance Region Using Crosstrack Error Exercise 4-2 U