ppt课件-the global positioning system- purdue university（全球定位系统-普渡大学）.pptVIP

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2017-01-25 发布于四川
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ppt课件-the global positioning system- purdue university（全球定位系统-普渡大学）.ppt

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Geographic coordinate system Latitude varies from north to south Longitude varies from east to west Measurements in degrees minutes and seconds, or “decimal degrees” Not sphere but spheroid Newton and others in the 17th and 18th century proposed that the Earth is flattened due to rotational forces. Complex, repeated, highly accurate measurements established that the curvature of the Earth was greater at the equator than the poles Image from ESRI online course Projected coordinate systems Map projections: The transformation of coordinate locations from the curved Earth surface onto flat maps Point to remember: Distortions are unavoidable when making flat maps Image from ESRI online course Representing locations with coordinates: Two types of coordinate systems 1. Geographic coordinate system Locates objects on the curved surface of the earth 2. Projected coordinate system Locates objects on a flat surface such as a paper map or a computer screen Each has advantages and disadvantages for various applications. Some map projections Understanding distortion: Four spatial properties Shape Conformal maps: shapes are the same as they are on earth Area Equal area map: Sizes are the same relative to earth, and if you move a shape around on the map its size will be the same Distance Equidistant map preserves true scale for all straight lines passing through a specified location Direction Azimuthal map: Directions from one location to all other points on themap are shown correctly Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System Divides the Earth into 6°longitude zones. Extends from 80° S to 80° N Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System Indiana is UTM Zone 16 in meters State Plane Coordinate System Defined for each state in the US. Often used by local governments In Indiana, based on Transverse Mercator projection and Feet Coordinate systems in Indiana Federal and state Government use UTM Meters, Indiana county government uses State Plane Feet Google uses de