ppt课件-the economic historyof portugal- h e c lausanne（经济中葡萄牙- h e c洛桑）.pptVIP

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2017-01-25 发布于四川
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ppt课件-the economic historyof portugal- h e c lausanne（经济中葡萄牙- h e c洛桑）.ppt

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Historical Overview Economic and Social conditions ? Portuguese forced to turn to the sea ? Portugal’s slave trading Creation of Portugal ? Muslims ? Reconquista ? Interests of church and state closely linked Independence from Castile ? Battle of Aljubarotta ? Treaty of Windsor ? King Jo?o I Medieval Navigation Navigation tools Cartography Compass Astrolabe Speed of a ship Sand hourglass Navigation problems Astrolabe Measuring longitude Cartography Claudius Ptolemaeus: Geographica Maps of faith Invention of the printing press Portolans 1506: Longitude Gerhard Mercator: isogonic cylindrical projection Compass Astrolabe Arrived in Spain between 1000 and 1500 Basic astronomical tool 1473: determine latitude accurately Height of the North Star Quadrant Common instrument in latitude determination process ? circle 0-90° marked on edge Plumb line Speed of a ship Log Logline Expression: Knots Speed between 4 and 8 knots per day Sand hourglass Only reliable time Measurement on board a vessel Navigation Problems: Astrolabe Farther north: higher North Star in sky Farther south: lower North Star in sky North Star disappeared at the equator Measurement of mid-day sun Navigation Problems: Measuring Longitude Dead-reckoning: log, sand glass, compass Traverse board: zigzag plotting Longitude: east-west distance travelled Maps inaccurate in the 16th century E.g.: East-west length of the Mediterranean erred by 19° = 1,100 miles! Reasons for the Development of Seapower Geographic position Physical conformation Extent of territory Number of population Character of the people Character of the government Different Ship Types during 14th-16th Century Portuguese ships: Barinel Caravel Carrack Chinese ships: Junk Junk junk → junco → djong → ship high sterned, flat-bottomed axled rudder up to five masts with square mounted sails sails consisting of panels of linen or matting flattened by bamboo strips up to 13 watertight compartments maximum capacity: up to 1,500 tons