ppt课件-the geographer’s tools（地理学家的工具）.pptVIP

Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Earthquakes and volcanoes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates Plate Tectonics Rock Cycle: heated rock rises, cools, and circulates downward. Above the circulation are tectonic plates. Plate Movement: Spreading/moving apart (Divergent boundary) Subduction/diving under another (Convergent) Collision/crashing into each other (Convergent) Sliding past each other (Transform) Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Earthquakes Shaking and release of NRG from plate movement. Location in the earth where an earthquake begins is the focus. Point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter. Tsunami: Giant wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Volcanoes Most are found along plate boundaries. Magma that reaches the earth’s surface is called lava. Ring of Fire: A zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean with the majority of active volcanoes. 8 major plates meet in this zone. External Forces Shaping the Earth Weathering and erosion cause changes in the earth’s surface and build soil Wind, heat, cold, glaciers, rivers, gravity and floods alter the earth’s surface These change the ways humans interact with the environment External Forces Shaping the Earth Weathering is the mechanical or chemical process of changing rocks on or near the earth’s surface Erosion occurs when wind, water, or glaciers act upon the weathered rock Orographic Effect – Rapidly rising air forced up by mountains creates rain or snow Convection - Hot rising air Hydrosphere “hydro”: water The way water moves through the world May be at bottom of ocean or in the atmosphere, but if it’s water…it’s the hydrosphere. Hydrologic Cycle As ocean currents move heat around, they affect the climate of areas that they flow near. A little easier to read… Types of Water bodies An aquifer and more water bodies Water as a Commodity Only 3% of the earth’s water is fresh. Of that 3%, the majority is held in the icecaps and glaciers. Only .3%