PowerElectronics-24.pptVIP

ECE 364 – Power Electronics P. T. Krein Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Power Electronics PWM continued Creating PWM More samples Currents Power Electronics Advantages Any (slow) m(t) within the 0 to 100% duty range is valid -- sine waves or anything else. The components are widely separated, so a low-pass filter can do the job. Easy to create PWM. Disadvantages Lots of switching. There is switching loss as a result. Lots of distortion (before filtering). Distortion gets higher as k decreases. Peak output limited to Vin. For the VSI, it was 127% of Vin. Output If the process works, the low-order component in the output is kVin m(t), or kVin cos(woutt). We can get anything from 0 right up to Vin. Terms The peak level of modulation is called the modulation index or depth of modulation. If we use m(t) = cos(woutt), and use k m(t) for modulation, then k is the modulation index. Components The unwanted components are near multiples of the switching frequency. Filtering involves a simple low-pass operation. Fast switching = high quality. PWM Process It is actually very easy to create a triangle (at high frequency), then compare it to a desired function. If the carrier frequency is much higher than the modulating frequency, a successful PWM process results. How to Create PWM? Presumably, we have a modulating function m(t). This gives a voltage level as a function of time. We must convert it to a pulse width – a time value based on level. Doing This A triangle has a linear value as a function of time. PWM involves a comparison between a modulating function m(t) and a carrier function. A triangle carrier gives a linear change from level to width. PWM Process How to Create PWM? Multi-Level PWM We can also switch among other levels: +Vin, 0, +Vin/2, etc. The case with the zero is “three-level PWM.” A very few people use five-level PWM, but not more. 3-Level PWM Switch between 0 and +Vin when m