X染色体.ppt

Chapter 5Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes Sexual differentiation play an important role in the life cycle of various plants and animals. While single pair of sex chromosome (e.g., the X and the Y ) often plays an important role in determining sexual maturation ,genes present on these chromosomes as well as on autosomes serve as the underlying basis of sex determination. In human, genes on the Y chromosome cause maleness,and in their absence, female development occurs. Mechanisms have developed to compensate for the dosage of genetic expression in organisms where one sex contains two X,while other has but a single X. In mammals, random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes is the compensatory mechanism. Still other mode of sex determination have evolved. Reptile exemplify environmentally induced sex determination, where temperature during the incubation of eggs is the critical factor. 性别决定（sex determination） 性别分化（sex differentiation ) 性染色体的组成首先决定早期未分化的生殖腺的分化 5.1 Sexual differentiation and life cycle 5.2 X and Y chromosomes: early studies 5.3 Chromosome composition and sex determination in human 5.4 Sexual differentiation in human 5.5 The sex ratio in humans 5.6 The X Chromosome and Dosage Compensation 5.7 Chromosome Composition and Sex Determination in Drosophlia 5.8 Temperature Variation and Sex Determination in Reptiles 5.1Sexual Differentiation and life cycle Sexual Differentiation Varies Multicellular organisms, Primary vs secondary sexual differentiation For plants and animals, unisexual, dioecious, gonochoric, are equivalent bisexual, monoecious, hermaphroditic are equivalent intersex is intermediate (usu. Sterile) Primary vs secondary sexual differentiation C. elegans About 1000 cells There are two sexual phenotypes in these worms: Males, have only testes, Mostly hermaphroditic(两性), have testes and ovaries. During larval development of hermaphrodites, testes form that produce sperm, which is stored. Ovaries are also produc