断裂力学讲义ch2-Griffith理论_new1_459106571讲解.pptVIP

第二章：Griffith理论 热力学（回顾） Griffith理论 能量释放率G G的实验测量—柔度标定 Griffith理论在非理想脆性材料中的修正 一些讨论 热 力 学 热力学第一定律： 系统又有往能量极小演化的趋势 似乎有矛盾，怎么回事？ 热力学第零定律： 若两个热力学系统均与第三个系统处于热平衡状态，此两个系统也必互相处于热平衡。 对于非孤立系统，系统的总能量始终是守恒的。 热平衡的标志为系统的各个部分温度相等 U是状态量，Q、Wmech、Wextra是过程量（路径依赖） 热力学第二定律揭示了系统在保持总能量不变情况下的发展方向 热能区别于其他能量形式 很多能量都最终耗散转化为热能 事实上系统演化是一个熵增的过程 热力学第二定律： 不可能把热量从低温物体传递到高温物体而不产生其他影响。 Clausius 不可能从单一热源吸收能量，使之完全变为有用功而不产生其他影响。 Kelvin-Planck 引入S熵 封闭系统：系统与环境之间只有能量交换，没有物质交换。 对于具有定常体积和熵的封闭系统，系统总的内能将趋向减小，当达到平衡状态时，总的内能达到极小值。 能量最小原理： 达到平衡状态 能量最小原理是热力学第二定律的另一种表述。 内能 焓 Helmholtz 自由能 Gibbs 自由能 Legendre变换 Adrien-Marie Legendre Louis Legendre 200 year portrait debacle 在热力学里，使用Legendre变换主要的目的是：将一个函数与所含有的一个自变量，转换为一个新函数与所含有的一个新自变量，此新自变量是旧函数对于旧自变量的偏导数；将旧函数减去新自变量与旧自变量的乘积，得到的差就是新函数。 Legendre变换可以用来在各种热力势（thermodynamic potential）之间作转换，为了给出在给定参量下的能量表达。 Legendre变换 Griffith理论 Alan Arnold Griffith (1893-1963). He was born in London on 13 June 1893. He earned his B.Eng. in mechanical engineering in 1914, M.Eng. in 1917, and D.Eng. in 1921, all from the University of Liverpool. In 1915, he entered the Royal Aircraft Factory (later known as the Royal Aircraft Establishment), and advanced through a workshop traineeship followed by other positions to become senior scientific officer in 1920. In 1917, together with G.I. Taylor, he published a pioneering paper on the use of soap films in solving torsion problems, and in 1920 he published his famous paper on the theory of brittle fracture. He then worked on the design theory of gas turbines. Griffith was Head of the Engine Department of the Royal Aircraft Establishment in 1938 and joined Rolls Royce as research engineer in 1939. He worked first on conceptual design of turbojet engines and later on vertical takeoff aircraft design. He retired in 1960 but continued working as a consultant for Rolls Royce. He died on 13 October 1963. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 10, (Nov., 1964), pp. 117-136 /stable/769315 Griffith理论 椭圆孔的应力分布（弹性力学解） Charles Inglis, 1913 C.E.