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o c202 t o p i c6 h e a t a n d s a l t b u d g e t s（o c202 t o p i c6 h e t n d s l b t u d g e t s）.doc

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OC210 TOPIC 1: BASIC CONCEPTS PART 2: TRANSPORT AND BUDGETS OF MASS, SALT, HEAT AND NUTRIENTS I. Transport of mass, salt, heat, and nutrients by ocean currents 1. Currents move mass, heat and salt and thus affect the observed distributions of temperature, salinity and density in the ocean. 2. The amount of heat carried by ocean currents plays a major role in controlling climate on earth. -Currents (and winds) are a major mechanism that moves heat poleward on earth 3. Nutrients carried by ocean currents fuel photosynthesis by phytoplankton. The spatial and temporal variations in currents and mixing have a major impact on the distribution of plankton and spatial pattern of photosynthesis in the ocean. 4. Quantifying the amount of water, mass, salt, heat, nutrients, etc. transported by ocean currents is a fundamental calculation in oceanography. A. How do we calculate the amount of water and mass an ocean current carries or transports? 1. First, let’s think of a river -we often refer to the amount (volume) of water flowing in a river as its discharge (Q) -the units for the rate of water flow (transport) or river discharge are volume/time and, typically, is expressed in m3/sec -water transport or discharge represents volume of water per unit time passing a certain point -there is an animation of the ‘discharge’ concept in a stream at this Web site /VirtualRiver/Files/page04.html (Fig. 1) 2. How do we calculate the volume transport or discharge of a river? -River has an average velocity (V, m/sec or cm/sec) and cross sectional area (Ax, m2) -then the discharge Q (m3/s) = Ax (m2) * Vel (m/s), where s=sec 3. Calculate the discharge of the Amazon River -On average, the river is 3 miles wide, 20m deep and has an average velocity of 2 m/s Ax= 3miles * 1km/0.6mile * 1000m/km * 20 m = 100,000 m2 V= 2 m/s Q (m3/s) = Ax (m2) * V (m/s) = 200,000 m3/s -In contrast, the Columbia R. has discharge of about 5,000 m3/s 4. The flow rate o