Chapter4- Nuclear Processes课件精品.pptVIP

NUCLEAR ENERGY PROFESSIONAL(SPECIAL) ENGLISH COURSE CHAPTER 4  Nuclear Processes （核过程） Nuclear reactions (核反应)---those in which atomic nuclei participate (参与) ---may take place spontaneously (自然地), as in radioactivity, or may be induced (感应, 诱发 ) by bombardment (轰击, 撞击 ) with a particle or ray. Nuclear reactions are much more energetic (精力充沛的, 高能的) than chemical reactions, but they obey the same physical laws---conservation (守恒) of momentum (动量), energy, number of particles, and charge. The number of possible nuclear reactions is extremely large because there are about 2000 known isotopes and many particles that can either be projectiles (发射体, 入射粒子) or products (产物)---photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, deuteron (氘核), and heavy charged particles(重带电粒子). In this chapter we emphasize (强调, 着重 ) induced reactions, especially those involving neutrons. 4.1 TRANSMUTATION OF ELEMENTS（元素的嬗变 ） The conversion of one element into another, a process called transmutation (变形, 嬗变), was first achieved in 19l9 by Rutherford in England. He bombarded nitrogen (氮) atoms with alpha particles from a radioactive source to produce an oxygen isotope and a proton. (Fig.4.1) It is difficult for the positively charged(带正电子的) alpha particle to enter the nitrogen nucleus because of the electrical forces (电场力) between nuclei. The alpha particle thus must have several MeV energy. Nuclear transmutations can also be achieved by charged particles that are electrically accelerated to high speeds. Since the neutron is a neutral (中性的) particle it does not experience electrostatic repulsion (静电排斥) and can readily penetrate (穿透) a target nucleus (靶核). Neutrons are thus especially useful as projectiles to induce reactions. Several examples ：The conversion of mercury (汞) into gold, the alchemist (炼金术士)s dream, is described by A shorthand (简化) notation (符号) is used to represent (描绘) nuclear reactions. Let an incoming particle (入射粒子) a strike a target nucleus X to produce a residua