正态分布-CollegeofInternationalStudents.ppt

Solution to Example For π =0.1 and n =30, we have * PDF X 4 8 12 16 0 .0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 n =20 p =0.5 P ( X ) 0 2 4 n =5 p =0.3 0 2 4 6 n =10 p =0.3 4 8 12 16 n =30 p =0.3 * Review – experiment survey 2 type of researches_ experimental and observational research Clinical trial (4 phases) Statistical consideration in clinical trial Controlled /Randomization/blindness/ replication (appropriate sample size). probabilistic sampling techniques * Review on idea of probability * Idea of probability Definitions of probability Classic probability- If a random experiment can result in n possible mutually exclusive and equally likely outcomes and if nA of these outcomes have an attribute A, then the probability (Pr) of A is written as nA /n Statistical probability-If an experiment is performed n times and if nA of these result in the outcome A, then the probability of A occurring is defined as the limiting ratio: P(A)=nA/n Subjective probability-Probability represents one’s belief regarding the likelihood of an outcome A occurring Probability of Event = p 0 = p = 1 * Rule for Computing If A and B have no outcomes in common, they can not occur simultaneously, they are Mutually Exclusive events P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) if events A B are independent then P(AB) = P(A)*P(B) * Conditional Probability * Concern the odds of one event occurring, given that another event has occurred P(A|B)=Prob of A, given B if A and B are independent, then P(B|A) = P(A)*P(B)/P(A) P(B|A) = P(B) Percentile calculation * Quartiles Quartiles divide data into four equal parts First quartile—Q1 25% of observations are below Q1 and 75% above Q1 Also called the lower quartile Second quartile—Q2 50% of observations are below Q2 and 50% above Q2 This is also the median Third quartile—Q3 75% of observations are below Q3 and 25% above Q3 Also called the upper quartile 12-* Calculating perce