Gene X ppt(Gene 基因十)Chapter培训讲义.ppt

9.19 Telomeres Are Essential for Survival FIGURE 35: Crossing-over in telomeric regions is usually suppressed by mismatch-repair systems, but can occur when they are mutated Chapter 9Chromosomes 9.1 Introduction chromosome – A discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each consists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins. It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division. 9.1 Introduction nucleoid – The structure in a prokaryotic cell that contains the genome. The DNA is bound to proteins and is not enclosed by a membrane. chromatin – The state of nuclear DNA and its associated proteins during the interphase (between mitoses) of the eukaryotic cell cycle. packing ratio – The ratio of the length of DNA to the unit length of the fiber containing it. 9.2 Viral Genomes Are Packaged into Their Coats capsid – The external protein coat of a virus particle. The length of DNA that can be incorporated into a virus is limited by the structure of the headshell. Nucleic acid within the headshell is extremely condensed. FIGURE 02: A helical path for TMV RNA is created by the stacking of protein subunits in the virion 9.2 Viral Genomes Are Packaged into Their Coats icosahedral symmetry – A structure with 60 rotational symmetries (such as a soccer ball). Filamentous RNA viruses condense the RNA genome as they assemble the headshell around it. nucleation center – A duplex hairpin in TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) in which assembly of coat protein with RNA is initiated. Top photo reproduced from D. Cue and M. Feiss, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993): 9240-9294. Copyright ? 2004 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. Photo courtesy of Michael G. Feiss, University of Iowa. Bottom photo courtesy of Robert Duda, University of Pittsburgh. FIGURE 03: Maturation of phage lambda passes through several stages 9.2 Viral Genomes Are Packaged into Their Coats Spherical DNA viruses insert the DNA into a preassembled protei