InstructionSets优秀讲义.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Instruction Sets review of computer - architecture taxonomy - assembly language different architectures: - ARM - SHARC 2.1 Introduction instruction sets programmers interface to the hardware key to analyzing the performance of programs get alternative ways to implement a particular function features of CPU characteristics ARM processor - personal digital assistants (PDAs), - video games, - telephones, - other systems SHARC - digital signal processor (DSP) Outlile brief introduction of some terminology about CPUs ARM processor SHARC 2.2.1 Computer Architecture Taxonomy von Neumann architectures a von Neumann machine - a computer whose memory holds both data and instructions computing system consists of a central processing unit (CPU) and a memory John von Neumann John von Neumann (1903--1957) 是這個世紀最傳奇的數學人物之一。 von Neumann computer, 1952 年落成 針對ENIAC,提出 - 用二進制數字 - 序列執行 (一個指令接著一個指令地執行，不是平行計算) - 程式與資料都儲存在電腦裡面 (因此需要設計記憶體) von Neumann architectures von Neumann architectures The CPU fetches the instruction from memory, decodes the instruction, and executes it CPU has several internal registers Registers: store values used internally von Neumann architectures program counter (PC): holds the address in memory of an instruction - point to next instruction in memory Harvard architectures a Harvard machine has separate memories for data and program program counter points to program memory, not data memory harder to write self-modifying programs provides higher performance for digital signal processing Harvard architectures Harvard architectures Processing signals in real time - large amounts of data flow through the CPU - data must be processed at precise intervals, not just when the CPU gets around to it. Harvard architectures streaming data: Data sets that arrive continuously and periodically two memories with separate ports - provides higher memory bandwidth - easier to move the data at the proper times DSP: Most o