Psychocultural Influences on the Process杨璐培训教程文件.pptVIP

Outline I. The Nature of Expectations II. Stereotypes： 1. Stereotype content 2. Stereotyping process 3. Accuracy of predictions based on stereotypes III. Intergroup Attitudes 1. Ethnocentrism 2. Functions and dysfunctions of ethnocentrism 3. A Consequence of ethnocentrism: communicative distance Psychocultural Factors Stereotypes Intergroup attitudes: ethnocentrism prejudice sexism ageism I. The Nature of Expectations Expectations: involve our anticipations and predictions about how others will communicate with us. Emerge from: intergroup attitudes; stereotypes; affect or emotional responses to others The more positive our expectations are, the more uncertainty and anxiety are reduced. Violation of expectations leads to mindfulness If strangers violate our expectations to a sufficient degree that we recognize the violation, we became aroused and have to assess the situation. （只有当陌生人违背了我们的期望值，我才会改变自己的行为方式） If we become mindful of the outcome, it will not facilitate effective communication. Positively evaluated violations of our expectations should have positive consequences for our communication with violators. Negatively evaluated violations, in contrast, generally lead to negative outcomes. Stereotypes“Pictures in our mind” Definition：Stereotypes are cognitive representations of another group that influence our feelings towards membership of that group. Individual stereotypes: unique, based on individual experience Social stereotypes: we share with others; used in media and advertising Normative nonnormative Stereotypes Normative stereotype: a cognitive norm for thinking about a group of people based on information gained from education, the mass media, and historical events. Nonnormative stereotype: is not formed on the basis of information from such sources. Stereotype Content Three basic principles underline: 1. Stereotypes contain ambivalent beliefs reflecting relationships between groups. 2. Stereotypes augme