Thundersnow Apr , 培训教程文件.pptVIP

Thundersnow Apr 1, 2010 Winds, Fronts, and Cyclogenesis ATS 351 Lecture 10 Outline Atmospheric pressure Forces that affect the wind PGF, Coriolis, Centripetal, Friction Vertical Motion Fronts Mid-Latitude Cyclogenesis Atmospheric Pressure Ideal Gas Law p = ?RT p: pressure; ?: density; R: constant (287 J/kg/K); T: temperature It takes a shorter column of dense, cold air to exert the same pressure as a taller column of less dense, warm air Warm air aloft is normally associated with high atmospheric pressure and cold air aloft with low atmospheric pressure At a given level, more molecules exist above warm air than cold air = higher pressure Surface and Upper-Level Charts Sea-level pressure chart: constant height Upper level or isobaric chart: constant pressure surface (i.e. 500mb)? High heights correspond to higher than normal pressures at any given latitude and vice versa Cold air aloft: low heights or low pressure Warm air aloft: high heights or high pressures Ridge: where isobars bulge northward Trough: where isobars bulge southward In Northern Hemisphere: High pressure: anticyclone (winds blow clockwise and outward from center)? Low pressure: mid-latitude cyclone (winds blow counter clockwise and inward towards center)? Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion 2nd Law: F = ma F: net force; m: mass of object; a: acceleration At a constant mass, the force acting on the object is directly related to the acceleration that is produced. The object accelerates in the direction of the net force acting on it Therefore, to identify which way the wind will blow, we must identify all the forces that affect the movement of air Forces that Affect Wind Pressure gradient force (PGF)? Coriolis force Centripetal force Friction Pressure Gradient Force Pressure gradient = ?p/d ?p: difference in pressure d: distance PGF has direction magnitude Direction: directed from high to low pressure at right angles to isobars Magnitude: directly related to pressure gradient Tight lines (strong PGF) ? s