大学英美文学知识整理培训教案.pptVIP

Lecture 4 Morphology Contents What is morphology? Morphology --- a branch of linguistics which studies the form of words or in other words, the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Classification Inflectional morphology Derivational morphology Inflectional morphology Inflectional morphology --- the study of inflections. Inflection --- is the manifestation of grammatical relatonships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems. Derivational morphology Derivational morphology --- the study of word - formation. Word -formation --- the processes of word variations signalling lexical relationships, which can be subclassified into compound and derivation. Compound Compound --- a compositional type, it covers a wide range of different relationships between lexical words. Noun compounds Verb compounds Adjective compounds Preposition compounds Derivation Derivation --- it shows the relation between stems and affixes. Derivations can make the word class either changed or unchanged while inflections cannot. Word class changed Word class unchanged Derivation (Root Affix) Class-changing: N→V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard N→A: friendly, delightful, speechless V→N: worker, employee, inhabitant V→A: acceptable, adorable A→N: rapidness, rapidity A→V: deafen, sweeten Adj→Adv: exactly, quickly Class-unchanged: N→N: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet V→V: disobey, unfasten A→A: grayish, irrelevant Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+able 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+